Talk about a bad day getting worse. On Saturday, debuting German international Marc-Andr? ter Stegen allowed five goals to Switzerland in a 5-3 loss. On Tuesday, German coach Joachim Low released him. Low announced his final 23-man roster Tuesday?for the 2012 European Championship, which begins June 8.?Also among the four cuts was 18-year-old Julian Draxler,?
Mobile app downloads continued to decline in April and the cost to acquire loyal users picked up, reports mobile marketing firm Fiksu in its latest report out today. This downward trend was expected, as no major events sparked app discovery during the month, explains Fiksu CEO Micah Adler.?However, mobile app marketers were particularly aggressive in the social networking and games categories during April, both of which experienced volatility throughout the month. With the former (social networking), the reason had to do with the $1 billion acquisition of Instagram, which drew increased attention to the category. There were also a number of new game releases in April, which led to increased interest and competition among the developer community in that category, as well.grand canyon skywalk tonga pid corned beef hash the walking dead season 2 finale born free walking dead finale
SITTWE, Myanmar (Reuters) - In northwest Myanmar, where the Kaladan River flows out into the Bay of Bengal, the two giant arms of a half-built wharf enfold the estuarine mud with steel and concrete.
Their embrace is fraternal - Myanmar's giant neighbor India is funding the new port in Sittwe, the capital of Rakhine State - but also strategic.
The port is part of a $214-million river and road network that will carve a trade route into India's landlocked northeast and underscore New Delhi's determination to capitalize on Myanmar's growing importance at Asia's crossroads.
Manmohan Singh will seek to bolster ties this week during the first visit by an Indian prime minister to Myanmar in 25 years. His official agenda includes road, rail, waterways and air links, says India's foreign ministry.
Unofficially, he must also overcome a history of bad blood with Myanmar, where Indian investments are already dwarfed by regional rival China.
The visit follows a year of dramatic reforms in which Myanmar has pulled back from China's powerful economic and political orbit and won a suspension of U.S. and European sanctions.
President Thein Sein's government has held peace talks with ethnic minority rebels, relaxed strict media censorship, allowed trade unions and protests and held a by-election dominated by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi's opposition party.
As Myanmar emerges from decades of isolation, trade between the countries is already swelling. Myanmar's government expects two-way trade with India to nearly double in two years to $2 billion, from $1.4 billion in the year to March 30, a figure that was nearly 30 percent higher from the previous year, according to Myanmar's Ministry of Commerce.
India should be a natural partner, with ties stretching back to the ancient Buddhist emperor Ashoka and, more recently, a shared experience of British colonialism and World War Two.
But its business interests in the former Burma have been "few and far between" since the mass expulsion of Indian merchants after the military seized power in 1962, says Thant Myint-U, author of "Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia".
"Many in India remember all too well that this was the country that nationalized Indian businesses and expelled hundreds of thousands of ethnic Indians with literally nothing more than the shirts on their backs," he said.
One hopeful symbol of improved ties is Sittwe.
The two countries formally agreed on the so-called Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project in April 2008, just seven months after Myanmar's military junta crushed nationwide pro-democracy protests led by Buddhist monks.
Work began on Sittwe port in September 2010, shortly before the former military junta held a rigged election that brought to power a quasi-civilian but surprisingly reformist government.
Indian conglomerate Essar Group is building the port on 70,000 square meters (753,000 sq ft) of landfill in Sittwe's centre. It should be ready in two years, says Myanmar's Commerce Ministry, accommodating ships from the Indian city of Kolkata, a 539-km (334 mile) voyage away across the Bay of Bengal, and handling up to 500,000 metric tons a year.
From Sittwe, ships will sail up the Kaladan River to the town of Paletwa, where Essar will build a second, smaller port. A 122-km (76-mile) highway will connect Paletwa to the Indian state of Mizoram. The two ports and dredge work will cost $74 million. The highway will cost $140 million.
STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE
India is already Myanmar's third-biggest export market after Thailand and China. But Thant Myint-U plays down Myanmar's economic importance to India. "Myanmar is extremely important for India's northeast, but because the northeast itself rarely gets Delhi's attention, that in itself doesn't count for much."
However, New Delhi is acutely aware of Myanmar's strategic significance "because of China's increasing economic presence and anxiety about a possible future Chinese presence on the Bay of Bengal", he says.
Not far south of Sittwe, Chinese money is funding a bigger port and special economic zone in Kyaukphyu, a coastal town where Myanmar-China pipelines reach the Bay of Bengal, creating a passage from western China to South and Southeast Asia and allowing shipments of fuel and natural resources to avoid the Malacca Strait.
An Essar company official said "communication problems" had been a headache during the project, with Myanmar officials slow to provide information and language issues also a hurdle. The company, however, would consider further projects in the country, given they had already worked there.
"Business is all about relationships, and we have been meeting the right people," the official said.
A delegation of Indian business officials will join the prime minister on his visit, said an Indian Foreign Ministry official, adding that India was looking at setting up a special economic zone.
Myanmar opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi was once lionized by New Delhi, which gave her the prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru Award in 1993 and Myanmar's dictatorship the cold shoulder.
But with growing investment in Myanmar by regional rival China, the world's biggest democracy has forged closer ties, inviting former dictator Senior General Than Shwe on an official state visit to India in 2004.
Three years later, after he presided over a violent crackdown on pro-democracy protests led by Buddhist monks, India was widely criticized for its muted response amid international outrage.
"Manmohan Singh has to do more than offer ports, bridges and roads, as the Chinese do," says Thant Myint-U. "Instead, he has to ... delve deeply into the very long history of cultural ties between the two countries and come up with a new vision for Indo-Burmese relations.
"The problem is that no one in Burma thinks of India when they think of the future."
Still, Myanmar expects to benefit from the Sittwe project, partly from jobs. Essar employs 600 local people on the Sittwe site, although it brought in most of its skilled workers and specialist construction equipment from India.
"This project is good for the northeast part of India and for Myanmar," Myanmar Industry Minister Soe Thein said in an interview with Reuters in the capital, Naypyitaw. "We can't do it ourselves due to the lack of budget and problems in our financial sector."
(Additional reporting by Satarupa Bhattacharjya, Anurag Kotoky and Frank Jack Daniel in New Delhi and Jason Szep in Naypyitaw; Editing by Robert Birsel)
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3 Favored Personal Trainer Career Options
When the majority of persons imagine of jobs throughout fitness they think of personal trainers alongside one on you sessions throughout the gym, a personal training studio, and in addition in home sessions. But, with society placing more focus on physical fitness and also health plus health the particular opportunities plus possibilities to obtain a bunch of wide array of the jobs inside the fitness industry are really greater than ever. A A good deal of personal trainers happen to be now branching off back into different areas which include corporate training, using the elderly in addition to specialized requirements clients. Personal training for youngsters typically is as well found on the rise together with on the net training and also public talking surrounding health, fitness, and in addition health topics. The particular personal trainer career possibilities usually are vast.
Here tend to be three common choices for focusing within the personal training field:
Athletic Coach - While both trainers and in addition athletic coaches perform well to be able to maintain folks fit, athletic coaches focus more on preparing sports athletes for competition as opposed that would simply just losing limited pounds to suit into a dress or perhaps a tuxedo. Many personal trainers do not need a college degree in order to process their craft, simply a certification from one of many significant certifying boards. Still, a large number of athletic coaching positions require a bachelor's degree from a known university alongside majors in exercise physiology or perhaps kinesiology. The entire active average salary for a particular Athletic Coach is about $33,000.
Physical Therapist - Physical therapists support individuals returning from injury. Whilst bodily therapists do improve overall health, the actual leading focus of the physical therapist is not to assist valued clients lose weight, but yet that would better range of motion, balance, and flexibility and also strengthening associated with the injured community. Bodily therapists must pass state and also national licensing exams and want higher academic research. Average salaries for PT's happen to be within the $72,000 range. If you are looking for more information on personal training career
Nutrition Counseling - The entire focus because a nutrition counselor is actually geared more towards eating habits instead of on physical training. Nutrition counselors help clients alongside achieving weight goals, growing better eating behavior and in addition creating customer particular meal plans. You will want in order to be a very high school graduate as well as depending on the particular state buyers reside within, you might be needed to get a Bachelor's degree throughout nutrition. You'll need that would be correctly certified with all the state in which you reside. The average salary for a Nutrition Counselor is around $35,000.
These happen to be just a limited career ideas within the Wellness and also Health business. Whichever career your needs select, make sure anyone have the desire to be able to go at it full steam forward and also you'll come with the particular success a person aspire that would. Visit to know more about fitness business coaching
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So, Chrysler's electric postal van never really took off -- perhaps a few too many mailmen refused to give up those roomy Grumman LLVs -- but now Nissan is giving the electric van concept a go. Yesterday the company announced the e-NV200 compact van (previously teased as a concept), which will go into production in 2013. The van will be Nissan's second all-electric vehicle, following the 2010 Leaf. The e-NV200's design is quite similar to that of the NV200 van, but it swaps taxi-cab yellow for the Leaf's shade of robin's egg blue. Nissan says it's putting $126 million into producing the new model, but so far it's keeping mum on other details. Head past the break for the full press release
Continue reading Nissan announces e-NV200 all-electric van, production slated for 2013
Nissan announces e-NV200 all-electric van, production slated for 2013 originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 24 May 2012 22:22:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Sure, time tracking comes in handy when trying to make your workflow as efficient as possible. Perhaps you're looking for a more visual indication of how your time is spent on that MacBook Pro. That's where ThreadWatch comes in handy. Thanks to developer Alex Milde, you can visually analyze your daily task habits on a Mac. After a rather quick and painless app download, the tech monitors software being used on the desktop, taking notes on their individual memory and CPU consumption. The collected info is placed in a text file that you'll then upload to ThreadWatch to create the graphical splendor you see above. Each color indicates a different application and you won't have to worry about having your tracked data catalogued. To take the kit for a spin, hit the source link below to start monitoring your procrastination... er, work sessions.
Visualized: ThreadWatch tracks daily workflow on a Mac, turns the data into eye candy originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 24 May 2012 16:16:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Jim Watson / AFP - Getty Images, file
US President Barack Obama (right) greets the President of Italy Silvio Berlusconi upon his arrival for dinner during the Nuclear Security Summit at the Washington Convention Center in Washington in 2010.
By Reuters
ROME -- One of the young women who attended Silvio Berlusconi's "bunga bunga" parties told a court on Friday that she dressed up as a burlesque version of U.S. President Barack Obama to entertain the former Italian prime minister.?
In testimony during a trial against the 75-year-old Berlusconi on charges of paying for sex with an underage prostitute, Marysthell Polanco said she had also dressed as prosecutor Ilda Boccassini.??
Boccassini, known as "Ilda the Red" because of her hair color and what Berlusconi says is her communist political sympathies, is one of the prosecutors in the ongoing trial.?
"I dressed up as Boccassini with a toga to make him laugh, and also as Obama," Polanco told the court.?
Witness: Italian ex-PM Berlusconi hosted strippers dressed as nuns
Polanco, a 28-year-old from the Dominican Republic, said the parties were innocent fun accompanied by burlesque -- but not pornographic -- entertainment.?
Berlusconi: 'Elegant dinners'
In April, Berlusconi said the parties were "elegant dinners" where there was sometimes entertainment that he called a "burlesque game."?
Previous witnesses who attended his parties painted a more sordid picture, including nudity, mimicked sex, and one described two women wearing nasty versions of nuns' habits and performing a raunchy pole dance.?
Berlusconi to 'Ruby the Heart-Stealer': 'I'll cover you in gold ... just don't say anything'
Berlusconi is charged with paying Moroccan-born Karima El Mahroug for sex in 2010, when she was 17, and then abusing the powers of his office by getting her freed from police custody after she had been arrested for theft.?
Berlusconi denies all wrongdoing.?
Berlusconi accused of plagiarism by Italian rapper
He had a close rapport with former U.S. President George W. Bush, earning several invitations to Washington and even to his Texas ranch, but he never was able to establish a similar relationship with Obama after repeatedly describing him - and later his wife - as "suntanned."
More world news from msnbc.com and NBC News:
Follow us on Twitter: @msnbc_world
Copyright 2011 Thomson Reuters. Click for restrictions.budweiser shootout animal house invincible jesse jackson whitney houston funeral video tyler perry whitney houston r kelly
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Have you ever seen a paver walk or patio that has a charming worn and textured appearance that reminded you of narrow streets or large piazzas in photos of Europe (or perhaps from a visit to Europe), and thought ?where can I find a paver like that for my patio?? They are not hard to find if you know where to look.
Such a paver may be natural stone like travertine. Or it could be a paver manufactured from concrete to resemble natural stone. Manufacturers of concrete pavers have been creating pavers with great detail to reflect the rough surface or a cleft surface of the stone used long ago to pave streets, plazas, and courtyards.
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Their rich color and tactile qualities can certainly enhance the visual appeal of an outdoor space.
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Do you think of the walking surface of your outdoor space as the ?floor?? It actually is the floor, and we selected examples of some of these unique concrete paver styles that can give it a classic textured old world feel. Depending on the choice of style and overall appearance, these pavers create floors for elegant spaces as well as casual.
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Riverbank by Paverlock is perfect for creating elegance. This paver would make a beautiful porch floor, also.
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Coldstream by Paverlock could lend a casual feel to an outdoor space. Color is Somerset.
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Riverstone by Paverlock in their Bluestone shade remarkably resembles the colors and surface texture found in natural bluestone.
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Some resemble natural bluestone, some have a slate-like appearance, and some denote a worn or aged edge. Colors typically run in ranges of earth tones, blue-gray, and grays. And because these concrete pavers are a uniform modular shape, they typically can be installed in less time than natural stone which can be irregular in thickness and is more labor intensive to install.
Allegro by Techo-Bloc in this rich terracotta color can add much warmth to a space. We like it's worn-edge appearance.
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Pools can have a casual look, but here the Yorkstone paver by Unilock beautifully blends the casual and the classic.
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These examples of paver projects are dry-laid (sand joint) installations, and typically are less expensive than mortared installations, which would require an underlying concrete slab and a skilled mason. Depending on the quality of materials that your supplier stocks, a dry-laid concrete paver project may be slightly less expensive (your cost will be effected by the paver you choose) than the same project using natural stone. If you need to get price quotes for the different materials you are thinking about using, do an apples-to-apples comparison using the same application, such as a price for dry-laid concrete pavers vs. dry-laid natural stone pavers.
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Hera by Techo-Bloc creates a striking entry driveway and would be great for a courtyard or patio, also. The use of the paver with the curbing has an old world charm about it.
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We like this pattern, done in Paverlock's ColdStream, for it's century old appearance.
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That?s not to say there are only two factors to consider, you will have your own to consider, but we feel these are some things a homeowner may not think about beforehand:
As you might imagine, paver projects can add value and enjoyment to your home.
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Photo credits:? betterOutdoorLivingatHome, Belgard, Paverlock, Techo-Bloc, Unilock
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"Callida Junctura"?that what Horace said was at the root of all inventions?"beautiful joinings." What could be more beautiful than the joining of two of tech's hottest commodities?Pinterest and Instagram? That's exactly the idea behind Pinstagram (free). More than just a Web portal for your Instagram account (wait, wouldn't that be something Facebook might want to try?), Pinstagram is surprisingly slick, considering it started as a gag by the co-founders of Tapisto.com. iPad and Mac apps are coming, according to the site's makers.
Signup, Setup, Interface
To get started with Pinstagram, you simply sign in with your Instagram (Free, 3 stars) credentials and allow the site access to your info and actions in the photo social network. A mini-wizard then hand-holds you through the simple interface's seven buttons at top right, for feed and Facebook and Twitter sharing settings. A search bar lets you search for any photos from Instagram. Aside from Twitter and Facebook share buttons at the bottom, there's nothing more to the interface to distract from the meat of your Instagram feed.
On first view my subscribed photo entries filled five columns, but if I resized the browser window smaller or larger this number would decrease or increase from one to as many as my display width would allow. Infinite scrolling behavior means you don?t have to click a Next Page link to proceed down through the photo feed. Clicking on a photo (which on the computer is already about the same size as it would be on your iPhone or other mobile) opens it into a large square view that's more enjoyable than the cramped iPhone view.
The meat of Pinstagram is your Instagram feed, beautifully displayed in the Pinterest-style waterfall view. I much prefer this to competitor Webstagram's single column of photos with their large comment boxes to the right. Pinstagram's larger individual photo view is also better, though Webstagram does offer a large lightbox view and an original size view that open separate Web pages; Pinstagram's large view is a more convenient pop-over window. The last nail in the coffin for Webstagram, though, is its obtrusive ads.
Just as in the Instagram iPhone app, you can click on user handles and hash tags to see more photos from a particular user or on a topic. Once you're on a user's page, buttons let you follow them and see how many followers they have. But you can't browse the list of these follows as you can in the app (actually a useful way to discover users you'd want to follow). Also as in the app, Pinstagram's Popular button, a star, shows the service's top liked photos, also with infinite scrolling. A final great way to discover photos on a topic of interest is Pinstagram's search bar.
Interface isn't the only thing Pinstagram takes the lead from Pinterest on: You can also "pin" photo entries to Pinterest (Free, 3.5 stars) itself. To pin, you choose a category in the popup?Books Worth Reading, Favorite Places, My Style, and so on?and enter any comments you have below the pre-inserted photo title. ?If you choose to in Settings, you can have any of your likes in the site shared on Facebook or Twitter.
Pinstagram can use your browser's location information to show you nearby Instagram photos, thus adding a capability that you'll find in neither Instagram nor Pinterest. Each time I clicked this option, my browser's location-sharing permission box kicked in, and after okaying this, I saw local Instagram photos?though not in infinite scrolling view.
The chief downside of Pinstagram: It's only one way?there's no way to add photos to your Instagram stream, though it's understandable that Instagram itself would want to keep control over this. And because Pinstagram is so new, you may encounter the occasional instance of flakey behavior: I occasional couldn't get the Local view to reload, and sometimes experienced an unduly long timer-spinner.
Instagram in Web's Clothing
Pinstagram lifts the biggest restriction from Instagram?the requirement of a mobile phone to view it. True, you can't post new pictures through the new site, but you get all of Instagram's viewing options and more. Seeing the photos in larger Web size is often more gratifying than on the small mobile screen, and now the Pinterest fans can pin their photos. Instagram and Pinterest fans alike need to take Pinstagram out for a spin: despite a few glitches, it does a fine job of uniting the concepts and content of both.
Read more photo sharing reviews:
??? Pinstagram
??? Flickr (Spring 2012)
??? Google Picasa 3.9
??? Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 4
??? 500px
?? more
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Public release date: 23-May-2012
Share ] Contact: Rob Gutro
Robert.j.gutro@nasa.gov
443-858-1779
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Tropical Storm Bud is dropping heavy rainfall, and appears to be intensifying. NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite has been monitoring rainfall within the storm, and has watched it become heavier over the last day - a sign the storm is intensifying.
The TRMM satellite had an excellent view of tropical storm Bud on May 22, 2012 at 2243 UTC 6:43 p.m. EDT/2:43 p.m. PDT). TRMM's Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) data shows that Bud contained bands of very heavy rainfall near the center of circulation. TRMM revealed that some of these intense storms were dropping rainfall at a rate greater than 50mm/hr (~2 inches).
A 3-D image from TRMM's PR shows that some of the strong convective towers near Bud's center were taller than 15km (~9.3 miles). TRMM PR found reflectivity values of over 58.050 dBz indicating that very heavy rainfall was occurring.
On May 23, at 1500 UTC (8 a.m. PDT) Tropical Storm Bud's maximum sustained winds were near 65 mph (100 kph). It was located near latitude 13.4 North and longitude 107.6 West, about 445 miles (715 km) south-southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico. Bud is headed northwest near 9 mph (15 kph) and is expected to slow down, according to the National Hurricane Center (NHC).
The NHC also forecasts that Bud will slow and turn to the north-northeast by Friday, May 25. NHC stated that Bud could become a hurricane later today (May 23) or tonight.
###
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 23-May-2012 Share ] Contact: Rob Gutro
Robert.j.gutro@nasa.gov
443-858-1779
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Tropical Storm Bud is dropping heavy rainfall, and appears to be intensifying. NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite has been monitoring rainfall within the storm, and has watched it become heavier over the last day - a sign the storm is intensifying.
The TRMM satellite had an excellent view of tropical storm Bud on May 22, 2012 at 2243 UTC 6:43 p.m. EDT/2:43 p.m. PDT). TRMM's Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) data shows that Bud contained bands of very heavy rainfall near the center of circulation. TRMM revealed that some of these intense storms were dropping rainfall at a rate greater than 50mm/hr (~2 inches).
A 3-D image from TRMM's PR shows that some of the strong convective towers near Bud's center were taller than 15km (~9.3 miles). TRMM PR found reflectivity values of over 58.050 dBz indicating that very heavy rainfall was occurring.
On May 23, at 1500 UTC (8 a.m. PDT) Tropical Storm Bud's maximum sustained winds were near 65 mph (100 kph). It was located near latitude 13.4 North and longitude 107.6 West, about 445 miles (715 km) south-southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico. Bud is headed northwest near 9 mph (15 kph) and is expected to slow down, according to the National Hurricane Center (NHC).
The NHC also forecasts that Bud will slow and turn to the north-northeast by Friday, May 25. NHC stated that Bud could become a hurricane later today (May 23) or tonight.
###
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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As you may already be aware from my previous posts, The Guardian U.S. and NYU?s Studio 20 journalism lab have teamed up to push a project called The Citizens? Agenda into the media discourse surrounding the U.S. presidential 2012 election. The idea: find out what you?the citizens?want the candidates to be discussing over the next four months ? usually meaning questions of substance about policy rather than horserace and gotcha questions so pervasive in mainstream media.
A couple of weeks ago, I posted a call for the Scientific American community to provide us with the three most important science-related questions that they would like to see the candidates asked by the media or during presidential debates in the fall. The Scientific American community is one (actually the first to have this finished) of a number of topical communities providing questions. Naturally, our readers are interested in science, so we are focused on? the science topics here.
Our Facebook page post soliciting question received over 120 comments (as well as 104 Likes and 61 Shares). The blog post itself got an additional 18 comments. We asked you ?What three science questions do you think the U.S. presidential candidates should answer before we vote on November 6?? and since some comments included multiple questions, we got a grand total of 246 questions!
I am extremely happy with the quality and quantity of the submitted questions. You took this seriously and came up with a number of excellent questions.
An informal scan of the questions leads me to categorize questions by focus. There are: questions that ask for candidates to state science facts; questions that ask candidates? stances on hot and politicized science issues; questions that ask about the role of science in governing; and fun/silly/provocative questions
There is value in all four types of questions. Each one of them is multi-layered and is actually trying to examine the following:
- are candidates reasonably educated in basic science?
- are candidates well informed about current understanding of various aspects of the world?
- to what extent will candidates apply scientific knowledge and advice by scientists in shaping policy, as opposed to interest groups that may or may not adhere to empirical knowledge in their agendas?
- to what extent will candidate?s style of governing resemble scientific method: observing and studying the world as it really is (as opposed to what one wishes it to be), collecting and analyzing data, and applying best available remedies to the problems?
In short, all the questions are trying to get at this core issue: are the candidates reality-based?
But for purposes of our effort, we also had to classify the questions by topic.
Interestingly, the topic of greatest interest, judging from your responses (23 questions clearly and solely in this category), is Science Education ? its value, its role in society, the role of federal government in regulating it, and the need for its reform and funding. Interestingly, Role of Government in Science (22 questions) is also mostly about science education, so we fused the two categories into one.
This question, by our reader Cherry Kersey probably captures it the best:
How important do you feel science and science related education is in young children and how would you affect change so that U.S. students are competitive with the rest of the western world in these key subjects?
Some other examples are:
Do you think that promotion of critical thinking is a primary goal of education?
What role does the federal government play in supporting scientific education, infrastructure and research?
From media reports, it seems the U.S.? lags behind many other developed countries in protecting the populace from harmful chemicals and substances. Our laws and regulations seem to be designed to protect business interests first and foremost, and only to protect the populace or environment when it has been clearly proven (for example, from a lot of people/animals dying or being sickened by something that has been on the market for a number of years) and there is public outrage. What would you do to address this?
How will you help the USA recapture its #1 place in the STEM sciences, and how is education part of this important agenda?
Do you support evidence based education? If not, how are we to improve education? If so, how soon can we get rid of No Child Left Behind, which had no pilot?
What is the cost of American college education relative to its value to students and to the nation at large? Please describe that cost/benefit ratio in terms of its distribution throughout the current population of students who are in college or who are about to attend. Is that ratio favorable or unfavorable? If less than favorable, what actions would you recommend as President to make it more favorable?
Do you support evidence-based education? If not, how are we to improve education? If so, how soon can we get rid of No Child Left Behind, which had no pilot?
What role does the federal government play in supporting scientific education, infrastructure and research?
Can the decline in U.S. ranking in science be directly attributed to the anti-science policies of today?s conservatives, and what affects will the continuation of these policies have on the standing of the U.S. as a leader in science in the future?
Do you believe the federal government should place more emphasis on increasing the number of young Americans who pursue careers in science, technology, engineering or mathematics, or not?
Are you going to seriously fund scientific research? How will science help you develop policy? What are you going to do to make the benefits of scientific research benefit the American people?
In your opinion, who gets to decide the truth of a scientific concept? The people, the experts, or the well-funded?
What are you going to do to increase the number of scientists in office, ensuring the people making scientific decisions are in fact qualified to do so?
Will you support reestablishment of the Office of Technology Assessment to aid officials in proper evaluation of complex scientific issues? If not, why?
How will science help you develop policy?
What government body do we have to thank for the most inventions applicable to modern daily life in the last 50 years? (Answer is NASA)
~~~
The second topic, with 18 questions focusing entirely on it, is Evolution, still a hot topic in this country. Our chosen question is by our reader Joseph Yaroch:
Explain why you think voters should care about your stance on evolution.
Here is a sampling of some other related questions:
Do you understand the role natural selection has played in the development of complex life over the last several billion years?
What is your opinion on the debate of evolutionary theory vs creationism?
Do you accept the theory of evolution? If so, do you accept that simply saying so is counter-intuitive to our current legal financial subsidies binding church & state?
Do humans and apes have a common ancestor?
What actions will be taken on school boards across the country that are eliminating scientific evidence of evolution from the curriculum?
Are you willing to defend separation of church and state and support the teaching of evolution in schools?
~~~
The third most exciting topic to our readers, with 17 questions clearly and solely in this category, is Climate Change. The most representative question comes from our reader Eli Hernandez is:
Is global warming and climate change significantly and negatively affected by human industrial and fossil fuel consumption activity and if so what is our Government?s Role and Responsibility in mediating a solution?
Some more examples:
What should the US role be in controlling climate change and what would you do to advance it?
Even the most devout global warming advocates grudgingly admit that proposed regulations would only delay the inevitable (if global warming is in fact occurring), while the political/economic costs of such regulation would be devastating to the United States. Are you factoring the cost vs. the benefits of global warming regulation in your policy decisions? Will you publish this analysis?
How does the greenhouse effect work, and do you think that humans are interfering with its proper function?
Do you accept the scientific consensus on climate change and what policies do you propose to prevent and mitigate its effects.
Do you agree with over 90% of the world?s climate scientists that humans are at least CONTRIBUTING to global warming?
~~~
The topics that follow are Space Exploration, Energy, Science Funding, Environment+Sustainability, Economics, GMOs, and general science questions (of the ?what is an electron?? type), as well as a number of other categories with just 1-2 questions.
Finally, there was a ?Silly? category, with only 12 questions (yes, guys, you were serious about this project!). Our favorite in the Silly category is this one, by nouseforaname.
Was Jar-Jar [Binks] possible through evolution?
Now I really wish someone would ask that question in the debate!
~~~
Now that the questions are out, watch the The Guardian U.S. site for updates. Spread the word. Let?s all try to push for these questions to actually get asked of the candidates in the debates, or in other media outlets.
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Public release date: 23-May-2012 Share ] Contact: Stuart Wolpert
swolpert@support.ucla.edu
310-206-0511
University of California - Los Angeles
UCLA life scientists have discovered new laws that determine the construction of leaf vein systems as leaves grow and evolve. These easy-to-apply mathematical rules can now be used to better predict the climates of the past using the fossil record.
The research, published May 15 in the journal Nature Communications, has a range of fundamental implications for global ecology and allows researchers to estimate original leaf sizes from just a fragment of a leaf. This will improve scientists' prediction and interpretation of climate in the deep past from leaf fossils.
Leaf veins are of tremendous importance in a plant's life, providing the nutrients and water that leaves need to conduct photosynthesis and supporting them in capturing sunlight. Leaf size is also of great importance for plants' adaptation to their environment, with smaller leaves being found in drier, sunnier places.
However, little has been known about what determines the architecture of leaf veins. Mathematical linkages between leaf vein systems and leaf size have the potential to explain important natural patterns. The new UCLA research focused on these linkages for plant species distributed around the globe.
"We found extremely strong, developmentally based scaling of leaf size and venation that has remained unnoticed until now," said Lawren Sack, a UCLA professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and lead author of the research.
How does the structure of leaf vein systems depend on leaf size? Sack and members of his laboratory observed striking patterns in several studies of just a few species. Leaf vein systems are made up of major veins (the first three branching "orders," which are large and visible to the naked eye) and minor veins, (the mesh embedded within the leaf, which makes up most of the vein length).
Federally funded by the National Science Foundation, the team of Sack, UCLA graduate student Christine Scoffoni, three UCLA undergraduate researchers and colleagues at other U.S. institutions measured hundreds of plant species worldwide using computer tools to focus on high-resolution images of leaves that were chemically treated and stained to allow sharp visualization of the veins.
The team discovered predictable relationships that hold across different leaves throughout the globe. Larger leaves had their major veins spaced further apart according to a clear mathematical equation, regardless of other variations in their structure (like cell size and surface hairiness) or physiological activities (like photosynthesis and respiration), Sack said.
"This scaling of leaf size and major veins has strong implications and can potentially explain many observed patterns, such as why leaves tend to be smaller in drier habitats, why flowering plants have evolved to dominate the world today, and how to best predict climates of the past," he said.
These leaf vein relationships can explain, at a global scale, the most famous biogeographical trend in plant form: the predomination of small leaves in drier and more exposed habitats. This global pattern was noted as far back as the ancient Greeks (by Theophrastus of Lesbos) and by explorers and scientists ever since. The classical explanation for why small leaves are more common in dry areas was that smaller leaves are coated by a thinner layer of still air and can therefore cool faster and prevent overheating. This would certainly be an advantage when leaves are in hot, dry environments, but it doesn't explain why smaller leaves are found in cool, dry places too, Sack noted.
Last year, Scoffoni and Sack proposed that small leaves tend to have their major veins packed closely together, providing drought tolerance. That research, published in the journal Plant Physiology, pointed to an advantage for improving water transport during drought. To survive, leaves must open the stomatal pores on their surfaces to capture carbon dioxide, but this causes water to evaporate out of the leaves. The water must be replaced through the leaf veins, which pull up water through the stem and root from the soil. This drives a tension in the leaf vein "xylem pipes," and if the soil becomes too dry, air can be sucked into the pipes, causing blockage.
The team had found, using computer simulations and detailed experiments on a range of plant species, that because smaller leaves have major veins that are packed closer together a higher major vein length per leaf area they had more "superhighways" for water transport. The greater number of major veins in smaller leaves provides drought tolerance by routing water around blockages during drought.
This explanation is strongly supported by the team's new discovery of a striking global trend: higher major vein length per leaf area in smaller leaves.
The Nature Communications research provides a new ability to estimate leaf size from a leaf fragment and to better estimate past climate from fossil deposits that are rich in leaf fragments. Because of the very strong tendency for smaller leaves to have higher major vein length per leaf area, one can use a simple equation to estimate leaf size from fragments.
Major vein length per leaf area can be measured by anyone willing to look closely at the large and small leaves around them.
"We encourage anyone to grab a big and a small leaf from trees on the street and see for yourself that the major veins are larger and spaced further apart in the larger leaf," Scoffoni said.
Because leaf size is used by paleobiologists to "hindcast" the rainfall experienced when those fossil plants were alive and to determine the type of ecosystem in which they existed, the ability to estimate intact leaf size from fragmentary remains will be very useful for estimates of climate and biodiversity in the fossil record, Sack said.
The research also points to a new explanation for why leaf vein evolution allowed flowering plants to take over tens of millions of years ago from earlier evolved groups, such as cycads, conifers and ferns. Because, with few exceptions, only flowering plants have densely packed minor veins, and these allow a high photosynthetic rate providing water to keep the leaf cells hydrated and nutrients to fuel photosynthesis flowering plants can achieve much higher photosynthetic rates than earlier evolved groups, Sack said.
The UCLA team's new research also showed that the major and minor vein systems in the leaf evolve independently and that the relationship between these systems differs depending on life size.
"While the major veins show close relationships with leaf size, becoming more spaced apart and larger in diameter in larger leaves, the minor veins are independent of leaf size and their numbers can be high in small leaves or large leaves," Sack said. "This uniquely gives flowering plants the ability to make large or small leaves with a wide range of photosynthetic rates. The ability of the flowering plants to achieve high minor-vein length per area across a wide range of leaf sizes allows them to adapt to a much wider range of habitats from shade to sun, from wet to dry, from warm to cold than any other plant group, helping them to become the dominant plants today."
The strength of the mathematical linkage of leaf veins with leaf size across diverse species raises the question of cause.
The UCLA team explains that these patterns arise from the fact of a shared script or "program" for leaf expansion and the formation of leaf veins. The team reviewed the past 50 years of studies of isolated plant species and found striking commonalities across species in their leaf development.
"Leaves develop in two stages," Sack said. "First, the tiny budding leaf expands slightly and slowly, and then it starts a distinct, rapid growth stage and expands to its final size."
The major veins form during the first, slow phase of leaf growth, and their numbers are complete before the rapid expansion phase, he said. During the rapid expansion phase, those major veins are pushed apart, and can simply extend and thicken to match the leaf expansion. Minor veins can continue to be initiated in between the major veins during the rapid phase, as the growing leaf can continue to lay down new branching strands of minor veins.
In the final, mature leaf, it is possible for minor veins to be spaced closely, even in a large leaf where the major veins would be spaced apart.
"The generality of the development program is striking," Sack said, "It's consistent with the fact that different plant species share important vein development genes and the global scaling patterns of leaf vein structure with leaf size emerge in consequence."
These vein trends, confirmed with high-resolution measurements, are "obvious everywhere under our noses," Sack and Scoffoni said.
Why had these trends escaped notice until now?
"This is the time for plants," Sack said. "It's amazing what is waiting to be discovered in plant biology. It seems limitless right now. The previous century is known for exciting discoveries in physics and molecular biology, but this century belongs to plant biology. Especially given the centrality of plants for food and biosphere sustainability, more attention is being focused, and the more people look, the more fundamental discoveries will be made."
###
UCLA is California's largest university, with an enrollment of nearly 38,000 undergraduate and graduate students. The UCLA College of Letters and Science and the university's 11 professional schools feature renowned faculty and offer 337 degree programs and majors. UCLA is a national and international leader in the breadth and quality of its academic, research, health care, cultural, continuing education and athletic programs. Six alumni and five faculty have been awarded the Nobel Prize.
For more news, visit the UCLA Newsroom and follow us on Twitter.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 23-May-2012 Share ] Contact: Stuart Wolpert
swolpert@support.ucla.edu
310-206-0511
University of California - Los Angeles
UCLA life scientists have discovered new laws that determine the construction of leaf vein systems as leaves grow and evolve. These easy-to-apply mathematical rules can now be used to better predict the climates of the past using the fossil record.
The research, published May 15 in the journal Nature Communications, has a range of fundamental implications for global ecology and allows researchers to estimate original leaf sizes from just a fragment of a leaf. This will improve scientists' prediction and interpretation of climate in the deep past from leaf fossils.
Leaf veins are of tremendous importance in a plant's life, providing the nutrients and water that leaves need to conduct photosynthesis and supporting them in capturing sunlight. Leaf size is also of great importance for plants' adaptation to their environment, with smaller leaves being found in drier, sunnier places.
However, little has been known about what determines the architecture of leaf veins. Mathematical linkages between leaf vein systems and leaf size have the potential to explain important natural patterns. The new UCLA research focused on these linkages for plant species distributed around the globe.
"We found extremely strong, developmentally based scaling of leaf size and venation that has remained unnoticed until now," said Lawren Sack, a UCLA professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and lead author of the research.
How does the structure of leaf vein systems depend on leaf size? Sack and members of his laboratory observed striking patterns in several studies of just a few species. Leaf vein systems are made up of major veins (the first three branching "orders," which are large and visible to the naked eye) and minor veins, (the mesh embedded within the leaf, which makes up most of the vein length).
Federally funded by the National Science Foundation, the team of Sack, UCLA graduate student Christine Scoffoni, three UCLA undergraduate researchers and colleagues at other U.S. institutions measured hundreds of plant species worldwide using computer tools to focus on high-resolution images of leaves that were chemically treated and stained to allow sharp visualization of the veins.
The team discovered predictable relationships that hold across different leaves throughout the globe. Larger leaves had their major veins spaced further apart according to a clear mathematical equation, regardless of other variations in their structure (like cell size and surface hairiness) or physiological activities (like photosynthesis and respiration), Sack said.
"This scaling of leaf size and major veins has strong implications and can potentially explain many observed patterns, such as why leaves tend to be smaller in drier habitats, why flowering plants have evolved to dominate the world today, and how to best predict climates of the past," he said.
These leaf vein relationships can explain, at a global scale, the most famous biogeographical trend in plant form: the predomination of small leaves in drier and more exposed habitats. This global pattern was noted as far back as the ancient Greeks (by Theophrastus of Lesbos) and by explorers and scientists ever since. The classical explanation for why small leaves are more common in dry areas was that smaller leaves are coated by a thinner layer of still air and can therefore cool faster and prevent overheating. This would certainly be an advantage when leaves are in hot, dry environments, but it doesn't explain why smaller leaves are found in cool, dry places too, Sack noted.
Last year, Scoffoni and Sack proposed that small leaves tend to have their major veins packed closely together, providing drought tolerance. That research, published in the journal Plant Physiology, pointed to an advantage for improving water transport during drought. To survive, leaves must open the stomatal pores on their surfaces to capture carbon dioxide, but this causes water to evaporate out of the leaves. The water must be replaced through the leaf veins, which pull up water through the stem and root from the soil. This drives a tension in the leaf vein "xylem pipes," and if the soil becomes too dry, air can be sucked into the pipes, causing blockage.
The team had found, using computer simulations and detailed experiments on a range of plant species, that because smaller leaves have major veins that are packed closer together a higher major vein length per leaf area they had more "superhighways" for water transport. The greater number of major veins in smaller leaves provides drought tolerance by routing water around blockages during drought.
This explanation is strongly supported by the team's new discovery of a striking global trend: higher major vein length per leaf area in smaller leaves.
The Nature Communications research provides a new ability to estimate leaf size from a leaf fragment and to better estimate past climate from fossil deposits that are rich in leaf fragments. Because of the very strong tendency for smaller leaves to have higher major vein length per leaf area, one can use a simple equation to estimate leaf size from fragments.
Major vein length per leaf area can be measured by anyone willing to look closely at the large and small leaves around them.
"We encourage anyone to grab a big and a small leaf from trees on the street and see for yourself that the major veins are larger and spaced further apart in the larger leaf," Scoffoni said.
Because leaf size is used by paleobiologists to "hindcast" the rainfall experienced when those fossil plants were alive and to determine the type of ecosystem in which they existed, the ability to estimate intact leaf size from fragmentary remains will be very useful for estimates of climate and biodiversity in the fossil record, Sack said.
The research also points to a new explanation for why leaf vein evolution allowed flowering plants to take over tens of millions of years ago from earlier evolved groups, such as cycads, conifers and ferns. Because, with few exceptions, only flowering plants have densely packed minor veins, and these allow a high photosynthetic rate providing water to keep the leaf cells hydrated and nutrients to fuel photosynthesis flowering plants can achieve much higher photosynthetic rates than earlier evolved groups, Sack said.
The UCLA team's new research also showed that the major and minor vein systems in the leaf evolve independently and that the relationship between these systems differs depending on life size.
"While the major veins show close relationships with leaf size, becoming more spaced apart and larger in diameter in larger leaves, the minor veins are independent of leaf size and their numbers can be high in small leaves or large leaves," Sack said. "This uniquely gives flowering plants the ability to make large or small leaves with a wide range of photosynthetic rates. The ability of the flowering plants to achieve high minor-vein length per area across a wide range of leaf sizes allows them to adapt to a much wider range of habitats from shade to sun, from wet to dry, from warm to cold than any other plant group, helping them to become the dominant plants today."
The strength of the mathematical linkage of leaf veins with leaf size across diverse species raises the question of cause.
The UCLA team explains that these patterns arise from the fact of a shared script or "program" for leaf expansion and the formation of leaf veins. The team reviewed the past 50 years of studies of isolated plant species and found striking commonalities across species in their leaf development.
"Leaves develop in two stages," Sack said. "First, the tiny budding leaf expands slightly and slowly, and then it starts a distinct, rapid growth stage and expands to its final size."
The major veins form during the first, slow phase of leaf growth, and their numbers are complete before the rapid expansion phase, he said. During the rapid expansion phase, those major veins are pushed apart, and can simply extend and thicken to match the leaf expansion. Minor veins can continue to be initiated in between the major veins during the rapid phase, as the growing leaf can continue to lay down new branching strands of minor veins.
In the final, mature leaf, it is possible for minor veins to be spaced closely, even in a large leaf where the major veins would be spaced apart.
"The generality of the development program is striking," Sack said, "It's consistent with the fact that different plant species share important vein development genes and the global scaling patterns of leaf vein structure with leaf size emerge in consequence."
These vein trends, confirmed with high-resolution measurements, are "obvious everywhere under our noses," Sack and Scoffoni said.
Why had these trends escaped notice until now?
"This is the time for plants," Sack said. "It's amazing what is waiting to be discovered in plant biology. It seems limitless right now. The previous century is known for exciting discoveries in physics and molecular biology, but this century belongs to plant biology. Especially given the centrality of plants for food and biosphere sustainability, more attention is being focused, and the more people look, the more fundamental discoveries will be made."
###
UCLA is California's largest university, with an enrollment of nearly 38,000 undergraduate and graduate students. The UCLA College of Letters and Science and the university's 11 professional schools feature renowned faculty and offer 337 degree programs and majors. UCLA is a national and international leader in the breadth and quality of its academic, research, health care, cultural, continuing education and athletic programs. Six alumni and five faculty have been awarded the Nobel Prize.
For more news, visit the UCLA Newsroom and follow us on Twitter.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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